c. depression. Therapists who often deliberately frustrate and challenge their clients, and who often use role-playing and a "here and now" orientation, are _____ therapists. Robin struggles to make decisions about romantic partners, jobs, and even what to wear. a. the humanistic-existential model b. the family-social perspective c. the cognitive model d. the psychodynamic model, 11. d. cognitive-behavioral. b. learned behavior. Many disorders have genetic roots, are a result of hormonal imbalances, or caused by viral infections such as strep. b. unconditional self-regard. Providing treatment as soon as it is needed so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term issues is called: a. primary prevention. Mason's parents always pay special attention to him when he takes toys from his little sister. We can also ask the patient probing questions, seek information from family members, examine medical records, and in time, organize and process all this information to better understand the persons condition and potential causes. Still, cognitive-behavioral therapies have proven their efficacy for the treatment of OCD (McKay et al., 2015), perinatal depression (Sockol, 2015), insomnia (de Bruin et al., 2015), bulimia nervosa (Poulsen et al., 2014), hypochondriasis (Olatunji et al., 2014), and social anxiety disorder (Leichsenring et al., 2014) to name a few. as part of their daily life and this can lead to disordered behavior (Lo & Cheng, 2014; Jones, Cross, & DeFour, 2007; Satcher, 2001), though some research suggests that ethnic identity can buffer against these stressors and protect mental health (Mossakowski, 2003). Nervous breakdown c. Impairment d. Distress She is constantly looking to friends and family members for help with these decisions and gets anxious when she has to decide alone. New evidence suggests nerve cell connections, nerve cell growth, and the functioning of nerve circuits have a major impact on depression and areas that play a significant role in depression are the amygdala, the thalamus, and the hippocampus. Also, individuals with borderline personality disorder have been shown to have structural and functional changes in brain areas associated with impulse control and emotional regulation, while imaging studies reveal differences in the frontal cortex and subcortical structures for those suffering from OCD. Acceptance and commitment therapy borrows heavily from _____, which teaches individuals to pay attention to the thoughts and feelings that are flowing through their minds, and to accept their thoughts in a nonjudgmental way. Did it start again and your parents could not figure out why? a. multicultural b. biological c. humanistic d. cognitive-behavioral, 136. When her friends or family criticize or express disapproval over something Johannah has done, she experiences a deep depression and self-abuse. b. secondary prevention. 65. d. development of sociopathic tendencies. b. axons. Describe how the sociocultural model explains mental illness. 2. Marvin is very afraid of dogs. This approach came to be called client-centered therapy. In the classroom, we might use modeling to demonstrate to a student how to do a math problem. The force that is in control in this example is the: Which model is MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes? Describe the structure of the neuron and all key parts. As opposed to the medical model, which emphasizes mental illness as . c. identified an external source as the cause of abnormal behavior. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. d. cognition-focused. Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do or say) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. Hence, this phenomenon is called spontaneous recovery. The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. 2.3.1.3. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? Humans are born with freedom, yet do not 'naturally' strive to reach their full growth potential. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socioeconomic background. How does the humanistic perspective approach psychopathology? 46. 54. For communication, decide if the problem is related to speaking, listening, or both and then develop a plan for use in various interpersonal situations. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral. She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. d. The effectiveness of biological treatments cannot be objectively evaluated. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the: A. Cognitive model B. Humanistic model C. Behavioral model D. Biopsychosocial model E. psychodynamic model. c. identify the client's unreasonable ideas and feelings. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, weight gain, restlessness, tremors, and rigidity. Your first semester of college, you have several midterms you need to study for. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. 71. To do this, the client must be aware of the distressing thoughts, when they occur, and their effect on them. Is there merit to this view? d. conditions of worth. c. transference. How do socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors affect mental illness and its treatment? The uni-dimensional model proposes a single factor as the cause of psychopathology while the multi-dimensional model integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didnt know the answers to many of the questions. d. Genes do not interact with the environment. 103. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. The part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: a. id. b. drugs cannot be combined with other forms of treatment. If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely be practicing: a. couple therapy. Before introducing the current main models, it is crucial to understand what a model is. When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. 140. You might say neurotransmitters are part of a lock-and-key system. All of the models include an element of the biological model. What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? b. the different patterns of communication displayed by men and women. This approach stresses the need for people to re-create themselves continually and be self-aware, acknowledges that anxiety is a normal part of life, focuses on free will and self-determination, emphasizes that each person has a unique identity known only through relationships and the search for meaning, and finally, that we develop to our maximum potential. Most people who receive couple therapy report no real improvement in their functioning. If this is true, how can we know anything about controversial matters? WebMD adds, Experts believe many mental illnesses are linked to abnormalities in many genes rather than just one or a few and that how these genes interact with the environment is unique for every person (even identical twins). This criticism would be true of behaviorisms first two stages, though sociobehaviorism steered away from this proposition and even fought against any mechanistic leanings of behaviorists. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? c. result of childhood trauma. A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? Additionally, you might have wondered if the person or animal will try to make the response again in the future even though it stopped being reinforced in the past. a. depression b. Huntingtons disease c. social anxiety disorder d. schizophrenia. Second, observational learning occurs when we learn by observing the world around us. 152. Primary refers to reinforcers and punishers that have their effect without having to be learned. She ultimately decided not to copy, knowing that doing so was wrong. These two components pair up as follows: Finally, four properties of operant conditioning extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization, and stimulus discrimination are important. d. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). It regulates the bodys rate of metabolism and so how energetic people are. Our life instincts, or Eros, are manifested through it and are the creative forces that sustain life. 138. 45. Eventually, the response brought about by the sympathetic nervous system must end. The perspective that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of: a. current thinking in the mental health profession. d. It focuses on educational goals rather than therapeutic purposes. A patient has social anxiety disorder. List and describe the models of abnormality. In Panel B, we see that a neutral stimulus (NS) produces no response. These are the same four discussed under respondent conditioning. a. psychodynamic b. sociocultural c. humanist-existential d. cognitive-behavioral. It is difficult to research this perspective. a. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. 87. Humans are born with freedom, yet do not naturally strive to reach their full growth potential. 24. A man has cheated on his partner and he feels very guilty, but soon he begins to make excuses, saying that his partner has nagged him for years. Rogers did try to investigate his propositions scientifically, but most other humanistic-existential psychologists rejected the use of the scientific method. There are two forms: classical conditioning, or linking together two types of stimuli, and operant conditioning, or linking together a response with its consequence. b. working through. b. repression. For example, some women may experience symptoms of mental disorders at times of hormone change, such as perinatal depression, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and perimenopause-related depression. Dogs do not enter the world knowing to respond to the ringing of a bell (which it hears). Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. c. consciousness, unconsciousness, and instincts. Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others and who is spontaneous, courageous, and independent is: The perspective that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of: What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neuron's ending? c. who believe in a higher being are the healthiest. Reinforcement and punishment can occur as two types positive and negative. A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on: how prejudice and discrimination impact women. a. id b. superego c. self d. ego, 38. We should also note the existence of non-associative learning or when there is no linking of information or observing the actions of others around you. It begins with the individual learning a relaxation technique such as diaphragmatic breathing. But women may experience these illnesses differently certain symptoms may be more common in women than in men, and the course of the illness can be affected by the sex of the individual. Subjecting a person to a situation that causes the individual anxiety as a means of eliminating future anxiety is called: When I was a child, I loved to go swimming in a lake near my house. MOST likely, this therapist is a _____ therapist. Rogers stated that the humanistic therapist should be warm, understanding, supportive, respectful, and accepting of his/her clients. c. take responsibility for harmful behavioral patterns. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? This is where assessing information about others comes in and involves the cognitive process of perception, or adding meaning to raw sensory data. Critics of the behavioral perspective point out that it oversimplifies behavior and often ignores inner determinants of behavior. b. increase feelings of gratitude and decrease feelings of fear. The person in the back could also be shy and prefer sitting there so that s/he does not need to chat with others as much. As a result, he developed a positive and generous attitude toward the world. a. Rita is seeing a gestalt therapist because she has anxiety about confronting her sister regarding painful interactions from their childhood. 67. The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting. The critical thing to understand here is that there is a belief in the realm of mental health that chemical imbalances are responsible for many mental disorders. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: a. genome mapping is a waste of time. First, Freud made most of his observations in an unsystematic, uncontrolled way, and he relied on the case study method. SAD occurs with greater frequency for those living far north or south from the equator (Melrose, 2015). Multicultural psychologists assert that both normal behavior and abnormal behavior need to be understood in the context of the individuals unique culture and the groups value system. They are sexual in nature. According to the behaviorists, disordered behavior is a result of _____________. 2.3.3.4. d. It is difficult to predict which people who share the same culture will develop a particular disorder. a. working through b. exposure therapy c. role playing d. family therapy. The problem with this approach is that mental disorders are not typically caused by a solitary factor, but multiple causes. 166. 86. a. sociocultural b. biological c. cognitive d. demonological, 4. Both the id and the ego: a. unconsciously seek gratification. c. cognitive-behavioral In the past, we have conducted trephination and lobotomies, neither of which are used today. Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? c. psychoanalysts. c. operant conditioning. The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: modifying the client's negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. Which is NOT a goal of group therapy? Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? This dream is interpreted to reflect the patients emotional stress over losing her mother, who is terminally ill. b. encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. b. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Stimulants are generally effective and produce a calming effect. You might make the case that some of the side effects are worse than the condition they are treating. Again, your schema about front row and back row students is incorrect and causes you to make certain assumptions about these individuals. If I do X, then Y will happen. b. develop depression even when not under stress. Anti-anxiety medications such as benzodiazepines are effective in relieving anxiety and take effect more quickly than the antidepressant medications (or buspirone) often prescribed for anxiety. Evaluating the cognitive model. The strategies arise from all three learning models. d. object relations theory. d. behavioral. Soon, the patient begins seeking the therapist's approval for all types of decisions, rather than just making the decisions herself. Attributions and cognitive errors. This should sound much like what you just read about in terms of Thorndikes work. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. c. deep brain stimulation. She published many short stories; a play called Womens Rights, in which she criticized the economic and sexual exploitation of women; and wrote a book in 1900 called The Jewish Problem in Galicia, in which she blamed the poverty of the Jews of Eastern Europe on their lack of education. Dealing with anxiety. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the: a. id. Individuals describe this feeling as an out-of-body experience where you are an observer of your thoughts, feelings, and physical being. The earlier that treatment begins, the more effective it can be., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/men-and-mental-health/index.shtml, In relation to women: Some disorders are more common in women such as depression and anxiety. Which model is MOST likely to predict that transference will occur during therapy? 1. a. quaternary b. secondary c. tertiary d. meta. Skinner talked about contingencies or when one thing occurs due to another. a. family-social b. multicultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 135. a. 153. It sends brief electrical currents through the brain, stimulating a seizure. In the case of when, it will be either fixed or at a set rate, or variable and at a rate that changes. c. irrational patterns of thinking. a. gestalt Receptor cells in each of the five sensory systems detect energy. Operant conditioning. d. unconscious feelings of loss. Watson believed that the subject matter of psychology was to be observable behavior, and to that end, psychology should focus on the prediction and control of behavior. The development of personality. He developed the law of effect thanks to his work with a puzzle box. Shonda responds by changing the subject. a. modeling. When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: a. clone a mammal. a. This situation places considerable stress on an individual and can lead to higher rates of anxiety disorders and depression. d. cognitive-behavioral. d. propositions. All of the following describe drawbacks of the cognitive-behavioral model EXCEPT: a. it is difficult to test in the laboratory. They include Lisdexamfetamine, the combination of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine, and Methylphenidate. Examine the evidence both for and against your thought. b. exposure therapy. This approach to learning was called connectionism. The neuron next moves into a relative refractory period, meaning it can fire but needs higher than normal levels of stimulation. d. psychophysical. Postconditioning, or after learning has occurred, establishes a new and not naturally occurring relationship of a conditioned stimulus (CS; previously the NS) and conditioned response (CR; the same response). When I was about eight years old, I would walk up the street in my neighborhood, saying, Im Chicken Little and you cant hurt me. Most ignored me, but some gave me the attention I was seeking, a positive reinforcer. A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on: a. a womans personal responsibility for her own situation. Fourth, it is difficult to empirically study psychodynamic principles since most operate unconsciously. Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. c. reject thoughts that are not rational. The answer is continuous. The rabbit was far enough away so as not to cause distress. In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: a. the biological differences between men and women. c. repression. 49. Only about 10 percent of those who receive couple therapy eventually divorce. In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. Consider your parents for a minute. 109. Bertha (Anna O.) d. They are unconscious and, therefore, not a factor in conscious experience. c. Existentialists believe that research dehumanizes individuals by reducing them to test measures. c. denial. Furthermore, some patients report feeling as though they lack speech or motor control, thus feeling at times like a robot. a. tertiary b. mutual-help c. cognitive-behavioral d. integrative behavioral. Once the information has been interpreted, commands are sent out, telling the body how to respond (Step E), also via the peripheral nervous system. 95. Then write a few balanced statements such as the one the article suggests, Ive made some mistakes that I feel embarrassed about, but a lot of the time, I make good choices.. 29. The final section is a D) Its symptoms, such as irrational beliefs, are a severe form of illogical thinking. By pairing a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus (bell and food, respectively), the dog will learn that the bell ringing (NS) signals food coming (UCS) and salivate (UCR). d. damage control. The model of abnormality that focuses on unconscious internal processes and conflicts in behavior is the _____ model. If you do not believe you do anything right, list evidence of when you did not do something right and then evidence of when you did. 146. She ultimately decided not to copy, knowing that doing so was wrong. A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. 20. A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the _____ tradition. c. Sessions are primarily conducted in a virtual environment. 15. c. neurotransmitters. c. at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. Figure 2.8. The somatic nervous system allows for voluntary movement by controlling the skeletal muscles and carries sensory information to the CNS. As you might expect, the behavior will begin to weaken and eventually stop when this occurs. The important thing to understand is that not all behaviors occur due to reinforcement and punishment as operant conditioning says. They protect us from anxiety and operate unconsciously by distorting reality. c. role-playing. The self-actualization motive plays an important part in human functioning, according to: A therapist who describes her client as someone who has yet to fulfill his or her full potential, rather than as someone with a disorder, is MOST likely what kind of theorist? Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: Which group BEST reflects those who may benefit from couple therapy? The following Content Outline provides an overview of the history of understanding psychological disorders, followed by a summary of the major theoretical models used to explain them. d. Bandura. This represents the individual pairings of a feared object or situation and relaxation.
Apr 11
which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?
which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?
